Varieties of Motivation

Intrinsic v. extrinsic

Intrinsic motivation, the inner drive to engage in an activity for its inherent satisfaction, contrasts sharply with extrinsic motivation, which arises from external rewards or pressures, and this distinction, articulated most influentially by Edward L. Deci (1971) and later expanded with Richard M. Ryan in Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 1985; 2000), reveals that people flourish most when their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported rather than controlled. Understanding this difference empowers individuals to cultivate habits and environments that sustain long-term wellbeing, resilience, and purpose, while also guiding societies toward healthier institutions, such as schools, workplaces, and communities, that nurture genuine engagement rather than relying on fear, surveillance, or constant incentives. Humans always thrive best in a climate of freedom bounded by internalised Christian values. Without God, freedom can easily lead to anarchy and chaos, but in Christ, freedom is the air breathed by those who flourish most, for the perfect driver of intrinsic motivation is the Spirit of God.