The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion, proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer in 1962, argues that emotion arises from two interacting components: physiological arousal and cognitive labelling, meaning that we first experience bodily activation and then interpret or “label” that arousal based on situational cues, which together produce the subjective feeling we call emotion (Schachter & Singer, 1962). In their classic experiment, participants who experienced identical physiological arousal (induced by epinephrine) reported different emotions depending on the social context, demonstrating that emotions are not merely automatic bodily reactions (as William James had earlier emphasised) but are shaped by our interpretations and social environment. Thus, fear, joy, or anger emerges from the mind’s meaning-making process applied to bodily change. From a Christian perspective, this integration of body and cognition resonates with a holistic biblical anthropology in which human beings are embodied souls (Genesis 2:7), and in which thoughts and interpretations shape emotional life (“As a man thinks in his heart, so is he,” Proverbs 23:7, NKJV), while believers are exhorted to “be transformed by the renewing of your mind” (Romans 12:2), suggesting that cognitive reframing can redirect emotional responses toward peace, gratitude, and love (Philippians 4:8). Theologically, the theory underscores human responsibility in interpreting experiences, aligning with the Christian view that emotions are neither purely sinful impulses nor infallible guides but are influenced by both physiology and belief, and can be shaped by truth, community, and spiritual formation. Practically, the Two-Factor Theory offers significant value for personal wellbeing and societal health: by recognising that our emotional reactions depend partly on how we interpret events, individuals can cultivate emotional regulation, reduce conflict, and foster empathy, while communities can design healthier social environments that encourage constructive emotional labelling, promoting resilience, reconciliation, and collective flourishing.